Examples from Research

Exemplar Study: Do Graphic Warnings Make Cigarettes Less Cool? (Mixed Design)

10. Within-Subjects Design, 12. Mixed Design, 12. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA), Research Methods, Statistics / , , , , , , /

This study examined the effectiveness of graphic warnings (i.e., pictures) for reducing the appeal of tobacco products. In the study, researchers exposed smokers and nonsmokers to combinations of large versus small warning labels and the inclusion versus omission of graphic pictures on three types of tobacco products. For the within-subjects component, each participant saw advertisements […]

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Exemplar Study: Does Cuteness Make Us Careful? (Mixed Design)

09. Introduction to t-Tests: The Single Sample t-Test and t-Test for Dependent Means, 10. Within-Subjects Design, 12. Mixed Design, 12. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA), Research Methods, Statistics / , , , , , , /

This article examined how the perception of cuteness influences behavioral carefulness, enhancing people’s ability to care for infants. While researchers took physiological measures of heart activity and skin conductance, they exposed participants to a slide show of pictures of either infant animals (kittens and puppies) previously judged as very cute or adult animals (cats and

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Exemplar Study: Can You Accurately Judge Romantic Interest? (Mixed Design)

10. Within-Subjects Design, 12. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA), Research Methods, Statistics / , , , , , , /

This study sought to determine whether a third party could discern romantic interest between two strangers. To test this, male and female observers watched video clips of speed-dating situations to determine the individual speed dater’s level of romantic interest toward the speed-dating partner. Participants observed clips of different lengths (10 vs. 30 s), and from

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Exemplar Study: Texting to Ostracize (Factorial Design)

03. Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research, 11. Factorial Design, 13. Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Research Methods / , , , , , , , , /

This study sought to determine if a woman’s appearance influences perceptions of her ability to perform a job. Undergraduates rated photographs of women as part of a 2 (Career: office assistant vs. CEO ) X 2 (Appearance: professional attire vs. sexual attire) design. Participants rated photos along several dimensions such as grade point average, organizational

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Exemplar Study: How Does Attire Influence Perceptions of Women in the Workplace? (Factorial Design)

11. Factorial Design, 13. Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Research Methods / , , , , , /

This study sought to determine if a woman’s appearance influences perceptions of her ability to perform a job. Undergraduates rated photographs of women as part of a 2 (Career: office assistant vs. CEO ) X 2 (Appearance: professional attire vs. sexual attire) design. Participants rated photos along several dimensions such as grade point average, organizational

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Exemplar Study: Can Using Obscenities Make You More Persuasive? (Multigroup Design)

09. Multigroup Design, 11. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Research Methods / , , , , , , , /

This multigroup experiment examined the use of an obscenity on thepersuasiveness of a pro-attitudinal message and on perceptions of thecommunicator. Participants watched one of three versions of a video inwhich the speaker advocated lowering tuition at another university. In thefirst version, the speaker used the word “damn” at the beginning of themessage. In the second

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Exemplar Study: Social Exclusion and Prosocial Behavior (Multigroup Design)

03. Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research, 09. Multigroup Design, 11. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Research Methods / , , , , , , , , /

This article indicated that being excluded from social groups leads todecreases in prosocial behavior. Participants received either no feedback on apersonality measure or one of three types of false feedback that indicated afuture full of rewarding relationships, loneliness, or unfortunate accidents.Participants receiving the social exclusion feedback were unwilling tovolunteer for further lab experiments and, after

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Exemplar Study: Tipping in Restaurants (Two-group Design/Simple Experiment)

08. Two-Group Design, 10. t test For Two Independent/Unrelated Samples, Research Methods / , , , , , , , , , /

To evaluate the effect that a helpful message from a server might have on restaurant tips, the server either wrote a message about an upcoming dinner special on the back of the dining check or left it blank. Dining parties who received a check with the helpful message tipped a higher percentage of the final

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Lecture Slides: Measuring Dependent Variables

04. Psychologist’s Toolbox: Sampling, Measurement, Reliability, & Validity, Research Methods / , , , , , , , /

This  lecture introduces students to several different ways of measuring   behavior as the dependent variable.  Several types of behavioral measures are shown, including: behavioral trace, behavioral observation, and behavioral choice. The goal of this lecture is to get students to see other types of measuring DVs, aside from self-report. This starts with a quick overview

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Lecture Slides: Manipulating Independent Variables

04. Psychologist’s Toolbox: Sampling, Measurement, Reliability, & Validity, Research Methods / , , , , , , , /

This  lecture introduces students to several different ways of manipulating independent variables. Some techniques covered include: mock Facebook profiles, priming, having participants count money, and viewing cute pictures. The goal of this lecture is to get students to see a variety of ways that researchers can manipulate IVs. Each example provides the citation for the

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Exemplar Study: Smells Like Clean Spirit (Two-group Design/Simple Experiment)

08. Two-Group Design, 10. t test For Two Independent/Unrelated Samples, 11. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Research Methods / , , , , , , , , , /

In three studies, the authors examined unconscious influence of smell on behavior. Study 3 used a two-group design to examine the direct effect of citrus scent (exposed vs. nonexposed) on cleaning-related behaviors. The judges recorded the frequency of participants’ crumb removal while eating. Holland, R. W., Hendriks, M., & Aarts, H. (2005). Smells like clean

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